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Glandore Classic Boat Summer School
July 1994
Bernard Cadoret

Introduction
When Donal Lynch asked me to present the French revival movement I first refused and tried to find someone speaking better English than mine. But the pleasure of coming to Ireland was the strongest , so you will have to suffer when listening to my difficult reading. I apologize for that.
Donal thought it would be interesting to speak of the French revival as it seems to have taken a certain importance today. But , speaking to Irish friends, I thought it was necessary to tell you about the situation fifteen years ago.
Our country has known the same disdain from official circles for things maritime as the one evoked by John de Courcy in Ireland. Therefore it was first through an intellectual movement - a movement of research and publication - that the reappropriation of our maritime heritage was made possible.
It seems to me that this example could be of interest for Ireland. So, please, excuse the somewhat theoretical character of this contribution which, I hope, will be less boring thanks to the slides shown by Michele.

MARITIME ETHNOLOGY IN FRANCE
A discipline is born

In 1975, my friend Dominique Duviard, then a researcher working in animal ecology for a French scientific instute, returned from Africa, taking advantage of this holidays to tour the great Anglo-Saxon maritime museums and their French counterparts. Filled with consternation by the state of abandon of maritime heritage he observed along our coastlines - the Mimosa, the last French sailing tunnyman, though still in excellent condition, had just been destroyed - he could not hide his dismay at the indifference of official circles, dismay shared by many young people on the coasts at the time.
“Thus our learned anthropologists, our museum-minded military officers, our novelists in pursuit of bourgeois sentiments, our film-makers enamoured of the Belle Epoque, were all indifferent to the disappearance along French Atlantic shores of this testimony to an out-of -fashion maritime culture?
It might have been expected that our state, so partial to the blossoming of culture, would do what was necessary to save some evidence of so meaningful an era, as is common practice in countries very close to our own.
But in France it is more Cartesian, worthier of our glorious Latin civilisation, to preserve in our museums a hastily-carved Dogon dance mask, only meant to serve in a single ceremony,or some mangy, feathered fetish object, sprinkled with chicken blood, used in some ritual. The cultural significance of such works is such that our occidental countries would be dishonoured if we did not preserve them for evermore. How many French ethnologists, at loss for a thesis subject, have turned their attention to the cultural treasure represented by Boshiman pottery or traditional basket-weaving from the Sao Paoulo suburbs, while a few steps away from their holiday beaches rot the vestiges of a civilisation scorned, ignored, ephemeral, already forgotten.”
For a scientist attentive to historical and ethnographical facts, the situtation was effectively surprising. While the rural civilisation itself in France had its longstanding intellectuals, whose research was documented in a wide range of highly scientific works and displayed to advantage in numerous museums, the coastline was like a desert.
Of course ‘Navy History’, as we understand it, like that of our war fleet, was the subject of many publications; in Paris the Navy Museum has a superb collection of old model ships on exhibit; but these are exclusively men-of-war. Of course the last , great commercial sailing ships, or occasionally those of the Grand Banks fishery have given rise to much literature, although the daily life of fishermen is hardly mentioned, generally speaking.
Yet we could have believed that the thousands of plainer men and boats, who did most of coasting or more limited local trade, piloting, coastal and deep-sea fishing, not to mention other forms of working the sea environment or more specialized activities, such as shipbuilding and sailmaking, had never existed. We knew nothing of the various boat types, of their manoeuvres or life on board, fishing techniques or shipwright’s skills, habitat and clothing, nor their eating habits; nothing of their vocabulary, social relationships, mentalities....
However, as early as the end of the 18th century and during the whole first half of the 19th, renowned artists, such as Pierre Ozanne, Ferdinand Perrot, Charles Mozin or Morel-Fatio had attracted attention to the small inshore working craft and their crews.
And even, by 1867, Admiral Paris had already pioneered the field with his ‘Souvenirs de Marine’, which included a number of designs, though lacking in commentary, of traditional boats from our coastlines. No one in Europe had yet become truly aware of the necessity of collecting specific technical data on’vernacular shipbuilding’. Paradoxically the admiral was emulated in northern Europe and in America; it took over a century for his approach to be followed and emulated by young French scholars.
In the meantime, only oral literature and folklore received some attention thanks to the gathering done by Paul Sebillot in Upper Brittany (around 1880) and to books written by commander Hayet on seamen’s traditions specific to deep sea sailing ships (around 1930). But upon examination of the specialized bibliography, no genuine, highly scientific work on maritime ethnology, like those of which so many existed in Northwest Europe, comes to the fore.
For instance, there is nothing resembling the remarkable investigations Wassildo made on sailors’ villages of the southern Baltic Sea (1949-1951) or the very comprehensive works of James Hornell on the British coracles and Irish Currachs, in the twenties, or of Basil Greenhill on the world of Devon’s coasting schooners (1951), the systematic research carried out by Henning Henningsen on all Danish seafaring traditions (1930-1992) or the Scandanavian maritime ethnology classic studies on the life of deep sea sailors in the sailing era (1969) by Knut Weibust, Olof Hasslof etc.....
How can this absolute lack of interest by French researchers on such a vast and fascinating subject be explained? How can we understand the eclipsing of of an entire segment of national heritage in a country with three thousand kilometers of coastline, whose maritime history is so prestigious, as we are told? In order to answer this question in detail we would have to recreate our country’s cultural history; however three types of fact can be distinguished for a clear understanding of the situation. First of all we must remember that shipbuilding and inshore fishing fall within popular culture, therefore almost entirely within the realm of oral communication; contrary to the “great” military or merchant navies, these “traditional” activities leave few written traces or plans. Only field investigations, sometimes requiring knowledge of regional dialects, make this study possible.
Nonetheless , a practically identical situation did not prevent collectors and historians from studying the rural world. The truth is that the seaman’s world has always been considered to be marginalized and it would not be exaggerating to say that, in France, the usual indifference of literate classes towards popular cultures is often tinged with distrust or even scorn.
A second comment in France; coastal areas with intensive martitime activities are peripheral by definition; often quite remote from the capital city where most of the nation’s intellectual activities are gathered. In this respect we can see very different situations in countries like Great Britain, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal and of course, the United States, whose capital cities are often large port towns whose university elite are more familiar with concerns of a maritime nature. But, above all, it must be noted that the maritime world’s culture is largely of a technical nature. More than that of any other social group it is based on a set of rare knowledge, complex know-how and absolutely specific vocabulary. Penetrating the seaman’s environmment presupposes, at the very least, previous training which the national education system is not geared to give, requiring years of personal learning experiences.
This, no doubt, explains the very small number and too often the relative lack of success of university studies undertaken on these subjects, at least in our country. In the highly significant field of inshore traditional craft, a striking comparison can be drawn between the research situation on France and that in other countries following the second world War (when these craft drew near to disappearing) In the Anglo-Saxon world, already serious, specialized literature, devoting considerable space to the study of boats, appeared as early as the 1840’s. The Washington Report, published in Great Britain following a devastating storm in Scotland, was certainly the first well-thought-out study (illustrated with many plans) ever devoted to local fishing boats and their users (1849) and we have seen that two plans of Irish hookers were published on that occasion. But large-scale development of research on maritime subjects began in Northern Europe and the United States at the turn of the century, peaking, so to speak, around 1930. During this period the Nautical Research Society of London, well aware of the urgent need to act , sent a naval architect named P.J.Oke to study the last traditional boat types of the British Isles. His work was resumed by many scholars, in particular by Edgar J. March.
In Denmark Christian Nielsen, mandated by the Danish maritime museum in Kronborg, undertook analogous studies; in Norway, Bernhard Faeroyvik did the same at the university, as did Hans Szymanski and Wolfgang Rudolph in Germany. In the Netherlands, Sweden and even , on a minor scale, Portugal, considerable progress was achieved.
In the United States, a great forerunner in the figure of Howard Chapelle, historian and ship designer, launched an ambitious research programme; the publishing of his works , spread over twenty years,triggered a repercussion of gathering, restoring and conserving heritage objects, which led to the founding of many museums, notably that protype of great modern maritime museums which is Mystic Seaport.
On the whole, these countries had all undertaken an enormous attempt to study and enhance their maritime culture and heritage, yet on the contrary, France was conspicuous at the time by her odd and culpable indifference towards the subject. Not only had there been no outstanding document published since Admiral Paris’ precursory works, but the number of symbolic abdications increased in the realm of preserving an inheritance which represented, all the same, one of the most captivating aspects of the nation’s cultural heritage. Thus ,in 1973, as an appaled, yet lucid young editorial writer I was able to write;
“France is the country where the Implacable (ex seventy four gun ship Duguay- Trouin) voluntarily has been scuppered in the Channel; where a Viking boat burial on Ile de Groix has been dispersed within a week; where Roman ship ruins have been destroyed by spades used to extricate two amphoras; where hundreds of tuna dandies have slowly rotted on the shore, then suddenly vanished; where the last of the squareriggers have been sold off to foreign buyers; where town councils have voted to burn the last, lovely skeletons of the lobster boats; where docks from the 18th. century have been filled in to make car parks and ‘boat parks’ costing millions of francs, opened a few hundred metres away; it is the country of dismal museums, of pillaged ex-votos, of collections scattered and sold for a song to America, of sea-shanties dragged through the mud of the worst cafe-concert folklore. It is the country whose nautical past has been speedily liquidated, the country of the negation of part of itself, its roots and its history”
Was it because we could sink no lower? At any rate the first signs of revival of interest for maritime life were displayed in the late sixties; coming at the time from isolated individuals.

The Seventies: years of the forerunners

In Brittany, Jean le Bot, who had already taken the lines of La Perle, Cancale’s last ‘bisquine’ lugger, in 1958, published several articles on the subject in regional magazines.
For his part, in 1970, Francois Beadouin presented his thesis in ethnology on ‘The Berck Boat’ viva voce before the School of Higher Studies. A novel event, in that a working boat was studied, no longer only from the shipbuilding or architectural point of view, but as an object of study for the ethnologist “insofar as its shape, structure and dimensions, having been determined by large number of cultural, historical, geographical and techno-economical facts make it a highly valuable document for the understanding of a coastal society”. A large collection of photographs from the turn of the century was fully used as a documentary source for the first time. Unfortunately, the remarkable work did not gain widespread following in university circles and remained unknown to the maritime world.
In fact, the will to organise research on this subject and make its results known to the small but keen public of maritime lovers, came from a modest magazine, published in Grenoble, called ‘le Petit Perroquet’ (‘the top-gallant’). But the time still had not come for the recognition of maritime ethnology; even at the heart of this tiny coterie it was a struggle to establish the idea that studying regional popular maritime life, in the same way as that of 18th. century ships of the line, was both a pressing duty and a cultural investment for the future.
A publishing policy was finally defined; in 1976 Jean le Bot was thus able to publish an initial synthesis on Bateaux des Cotes de la Bretagne Nord (Boats of the North Brittany Coast), backed up by a series of plans taken from the particularly wellfurnished archives of a ship-builder in the River Rance region; but he gave his full measure in Bisquines de Cancale et Granville (1979) in providing a complete and rigorous study of of a truly spectacular sail fishing boat with which he was perfectly familiar. This ‘classic’ book can be considered, at least in terms of text and drawings, as a genuine model monograph of a tradfitional French sailboat; to this day it has never been surpassed and probably never will.
For his part Francois Beaudouin published Bateaux de Cotes de France (Boats of the French Coasts) in 1975, a remarkable work, whose great merit was to kindle many vocations by revealing to all this universe of wealth and diversity unknown until then. Thanks to its splendid iconography, it succeeds, in a few hundred pages, in thrillingly restoring the universe of coastal boats , without resorting to field or archivistic studies. Above all, for the first time in France, he proposed genuine thought on the concept of nautical ethnology.
Less preoccupied with the rigour of historical analyses and descriptions than driven by an ambitious will for overall understanding of the main themesof technical evolution, this disciple of Leroi- Gourhan outlined a true general theory of rig evolution, whose novelty and relevance have not always been sufficiently noticed on an international scale. His book is teeming with brilliant, sometimes dazzling intuition; vastly cultured in things maritime, he excels in revealing the multiple potential points of interest that the subject holds. In every respect the contribution of Francois Beadouin has been parrticularly enriching. Without a doubt French maritime ethnology owes, and will always owe, a particular debt to him.
The south coast of Brittany, in 1978, gave rise to another important publication; that of Ar Vag (in Breton language The Boat), a large fresco of maritime life from Brest to the River Loire, which is still published today.Something new; this work was collective. Thanks to teamwork thorough investigation could cover a large geographical area and be opened to other levels of analysis, which are technical, but also historical, linguistic, social, economic and even psychological, largely overshadowing the study of the boat itself, although very specific attention is paid to its use, and especially its manoeuvering, so often neglected.
Along with its documentary value and its aesthetic qualities Ar Vag’s contribution lies in its rigorous methodology, based upon cross-use of three main source types; iconography, which is researched, commented on and studied in great detail, oral testimony, massively gathered and analyzed and ,above all , archives and records used systematically for the first time.
Besides setting a true historical perspective, enabling an astute appraisal of boat types and activities, the precision this source allows also has the advantage of highlighting an often ignored human context and going beyond the bounds of the abstract; the multiple identification of people and boat types that it gives, moreover helped to create interest in many coastal families for their heritage; the work’s successful impact amongst this population largely encouraged the implantation of the maritime cultural movement in the coast in the years that followed.
Finally, among the important works we should cite Groix; Ile des Thoniers (Groix; Island of Tunnymen) 1978 by Dominique Duviard, sadly departed in 1983, before he was able to truly build his life’s work. Using the methodology defined by the enormous Ar Vag enterprise, in which he fully participated, this experienced researcher applied it with talent to an entire maritime community, the Isle of Groix. If Jean le Bot’s study remains a model for monographs of a French traditional boat this maritime chronicle of a Breton island is generally recognised as being unique in its field.
In sum the end-result of all these works, in spite of tangible differences in their authors’ sensitivities and experience - some favouring sailing ,iconography and the human aspect, others models, plans and shipbuilding techniques - is to constitute a genuine school of French maritime ethnology. Rather different from the Anglo-Saxon model, it can be radically distinguished from the French university tradition of anthropology and maritime history through the importance given to nautical techniques, considered as the central element for the definition of maritime cultural specificity.
the complete and coherent methodology emerging from this collective experience has enabled other authers to fine-hone their approach and to publish some remarkable works; such as Francois Renault, a professional sailor and very complete researcher , whose Bateaux de Normandie (Boats of Normandy) 1984, combines the qualities of the previous works and has given life to a large movement of interest in Normandy. Also Pierre Arzel with the first monograph of an original social group defined by the practice of a trade, the gathering and transformation of wrack, which was simultaneously maritime and land-based, in his book, Les Goemoniers (The Wrack- Gatherers) 1987. It should be noted that the author, when presenting his thesis to a jury whose members included some of the greatest names in French ethnology, paid homage to the approach which Francois Beaudouin had initiated, and referred explicitly to the ideas and methods developed by Ar Vag. His exemplary work brought him a post-graduate doctorate degree in French ethnology (with distinction);this was the first maritime ethnology diploma awarded by a university on the French coast, in this case Brest; it was also the first thesis presented before a warmly appreciative audience of seafaring professionals.
This highly dynamic trend of studies, lead by amateur researchers, almost always working without financing or public support, outside of the university framework, was to have an enormous impact on the current movement for the research and enhancement of cultural heritage, but it was not completely alone.
During the seventies, the university, oddly absent until then, took a few important initiatives in the field of maritime ethnology. This was the case of Michel Mollat du Jourdin, an experienced historian on seamen’s life, who is responsible for having promoted, along with the Musee de la Marine in Paris a large operation for the inventory, study and preservation of maritime ex-voto on the French coasts. Yet it is historical research which has brought the most interesting contribution to ethnological knowledge of French maritime societies. Although it has remained extraneous to the strictly nautical aspects of sealife, much is expected from the young and brilliant school of maritime history which has willingly specialized in the study of mentalities and has joined Alain Cabantous in Northern France

The Nineteen Eighties; Deepening Knowledge and Diversity

In the field of maritime ethnology, the decisive event in the nineteen eighties was the highly spectacular change in scale affecting the current of interest, turning it into a genuine intellectual movement.
In 1981, the creation of the Chasse - Maree magazine, by a team which was very involved from the outset in the research procedure, and its very quick success (40,000 copies per issue sold, 17,000 subscriptions in 1991) gave considerable scope for revival of interest among the French for maritime culture. This success was effectively accompanied by a spawning of of a powerful association movement which increased teams, territories and research subjects in unexpected proportions. Magazines, newsletters, associations , federations and local museums are all new relays concerned with both scientific quality and true communication.
Emulation and solidarity have borne fruits; on every French coast amateur researchers, whether alone or in groups, have undertaken studies in their region whose level is at least equivalent to that of their predecessors’ work. The existence of a widely-circulated periodical magazine, richly illustrated, yet exacting, which welcomes true in-depth articles, has progressively facilitated the highly stimulating publication of works from a new generation of authors, established all along the coast, from French Flanders to the Mediterranean. Following their example dozens of little coastal communities, involving thousands of people, have researched their history and traditions in depth.
Along with this geographical deployment is a corresponding dawning of specialities and research areas. Scholars are studying as well a local boat type or life in a small harbour, as a specific subject in a large geographical region, and the concerned periods range from eighteenth century to the most contemporary times. Highly original subjects have been taken for in-depth studies; such as architecture and the coastal habitat, traditional docks and yards, tidal mills and boat mills, popular art and maritime paintings, oral literature, music and songs, jousts, nicknames, religious behaviour,social and political conduct, on-board crafts and occupational art, cooking, traditional hunts and their relationship to sea animals, womens’ traditional activities, canning factories, inland water transport, lifesaving etc..... Finally the various contemporary trades are given sustained attention and articles ranging from simple reports to historical and sociological analysis thus facilitate the setting of the study of old maritime activities in perspective with thoughts for the future.
All of these steps, now coordinated for the first time, give us the glimpse of the possibility of a genuine maritime ethnology, meaning an endeavour for an overall understanding of maritime societies and their historical evolution, at least on our country’s scale. It now remains to set up teaching and research structures in universities near the coasts which may extend and deepen the enormous volunteer work already achieved. It also remains to create an active network of maritime ethnology museums along the coastline, liasing with the movement of associations for heritage, in order to communicate these research results in a lively way to an even wider audience and to our children above all.

The Restoration Movement

At the very moment when this vast intellectual work tried to fine its place , some yachtsmen and shiplovers began to restore small traditional boats so as to sail on board them. Some of them, like the Old Gaffers, in St. Malo fit them out on the model of the small cabin yachts. Many an interesting craft, like the sinagos or scallop dredgers from Brest were converted unskillfully to yachts and sailed abroad to the Mediterranean and even further, Others , like the Catalonians of Callioure, in southern France, tried to rig their boats in a more traditional style. But, taken all round, these restorations, carried out by isolated amateurs without any real knowledge of the working sail tradition, remained approximate.
1981- the year of the foundation of Chasse-Maree - was an important year, with the launching of a new sinago lugger in the Gulf of Morbihan (south Brittany). In France, it was the first replica of a traditional boat built with a real concern for authenticity. Thanks to this example the last surviving sinago of the Gulf of Morbihan was restored and obtained - it was the first time - the status of a ‘historical monument’, which ,until then, in France, was exclusively reserved for chapels and castles. For its part , in 1985, the association Treizour from Douarnenez - which since 1982 had collected, at its own expense, nearly 200 traditional boats which were about to disappear all along the French coast- opened the Musee du Bateau (boat museum) which some years later was to become the Museum Harbour of Douarnenez, well known today. Very soon shipwright training courses were organised which allowed the launching of several small boats and the teaching of a new generation of young shipwrights .
A new stage was reached in 1983 with the building of a 30 ft. Douarnenez sardine lugger - to a pattern of 1900, very interesting because of her original rig and her nautical qualities, and whose last examples had disappeared for over half a century . It’s thanks to the researches of Ar Vag that this type of forgotten boat could be reconstituted with complete authenticity of every detail. This technical adventure , from the drawing of the plan to the real sailing, has been a superb lesson of experimental archaeology, which allowed even more ambitious projects to be launched later.
To share their enthousiasm, these fanatics were then going to make every effort to organise traditional and classic boat gatherings. After the festivals, in the roads of Brest, in 1982 & 1984, which maintained a local character , a great event was organised in Douarnenez, in 1986, which, for the first time, was of national and even international impact. the success and spirit of these festivals gave a strong impulse to the revival, backed up by many good technical articles and books shedding new light on various forgotten French boat types.
From that time on the number of restorations of traditional boats grew rapidly on our coasts. In certain areas, as in Normandy with the small luggers called vaquelottes, in the roads of Brest with the scallopdredger sloops, in south Finistere with the small luggers called misainiers, in Morbihan with the sinagos - another type of two-masted lugger - in the bay of Arcachon ( not far from Bordeaux) with the so called pinasses, in Roussilion with the Catalonian barques, heterogeneous flotillas arose, inspired, though late , by the example of the Irish hookers or the Dutch botters.
Besides , the reconstitutions of new boats, often leaning on local associations organising festivals and encouraged by the magazine Le Chasse-Maree, spread along the coast.
In 1987, in Cancale, the launching of a bisquine, a big fishing three- masted lugger of nearly 65ft., with an extremely spectacular rig, represented another new stage.The success of the enterprise, whose budget of over 2 million francs seemed enormous,was based on the mobilisation of the local inhabitants whose contributions came in complement of public funds, every frame or sail of the boat being paid for by one or several amateurs.
The festival of Douarnenez 88 was in a certain way the pinnacle of this still scattered and marginal, although promising, movement.
That was the time for the Chasse-Maree to propose a great challenge, up to the new ambitions of this movement; in other words, to rebuild, in every harbour in the country, a sailing boat or ship representative of the local tradition, whether new building or restoration. This national competition was called “Concours bateaux des cotes de France”. Its aim and slogn was to build “ a hundred boats for the French coasts”.
Thanks to the success of the previous festivals, mighty media sponsors and public partners supported this competition. Appointment was fixed for the festival of Brest in July,1992 where the competitors, who would mingle with the classic and traditional boats from all over Europe, would receive their awards. the importance of such an enterprise was rapidly understood by the representatives and local authorities, especially by some municipalities in Brittany, who supported financially part of the most audacious projects; the coasting lugger of 55 feet, built in Quimper, the naval schooner of 82 feet built in Brest - both ships from the beginning of the 19th. century - were the most ambitious . But the numerous projects - there were over 120 of them, of which more than 80 were effectively built - are extremely varied and are ranging from a small craft of 12 ft., built by a coastal village, to a barquentine of 100 ft., from a river Loire barge to classic racing yacht, from a small lateen-rigged boat of the Mediterranean to big cutters of the Channel, each harbour competing with each other for the most attractive project.
If the backing of the state was not completely absent, the local pride turned out to be an excellent spur for municipalities and local sponsors, but also for local scholars, managers, teachers, seamen etc. And that is how a huge movement of research was put into place all along the French shore: a real living university of the coast, which would allow the saving of an extaordinary treasure of memory and of knowledge. At a time when researches concerning traditional boats were led by only a few scholars, hundreds of persons are now converging and contributing to save documents and testimonies, even in the smallest harbours.
Most of the projects of reconstitution of a local boat type will be, we hope, at the origin of a different way of development for the small communities of the shore, as they arouse a qualitative tourism based on their maritime heritage amd on their own identity, and also on the respect of their environment, while giving an image of dynamism and creativity which gathers the whole community.
To reinforce still more this movement of research around the local heritage, the magazine, Le Chasse-Maree has just launched a new competition devoted this time to the collection of oral testimonies, documents and environment, whose results will be presented at the occasion of a big exhibition organized during the festival of Brest 96.

To rebuild beautiful traditional boats if they have to sail in a banalized environment of concrete marinas, without any link to the maritime past, would make no sense at all.

I would like, as a conclusion, to tell you of the deep feeling we have towards the culture, the traditions and especially the maritime heritage of your country. Since some years we have been travelling around Ireland, visiting coves and creeks, meeting people, admiring boats and craft, buying and reading many old and recent books. By the way , thanks to Kenny’s bookshop, in Galway, which is sending us books directly to Brittany.
From this growing passion emerged a strong conviction: We have to take part, in our modest way, but with all our energy, in the movement of the revival of the Irish maritime culture.
As I have tried to demonstrate in this contribution, the movement of the restoration of traditional boats in France began with the popular succes of a magazine, and even more, as seen before, with the publication of two books : Ar Vag, Working Sail in Atlantic Brittany and Boats of Normandy. These two books had in common a very rich illustration, the precision of the text and of the pictures’ legends - each boat shown being identified to one or more people or families - the importance given to the human aspect as to the use and manoeuvering of the boats. Through these books thousands of people on the shore have become proud again of their heritage. To rediscover their own boats has given them a strong sense of their identity, together with a deep need to rebuild them, when they had disappeared.
An identical process would produce at least as interesting results here, where the Irish spirit would, no doubt, add a deep originality.
So, one of the reasons for my coming to Glandore, beyond the great pleasure of attending the summer university and the regattas, is to make an appeal: We would like, for the coming years, to launch a research project which would be finalized by the publication, first of articles in magazines, and then of an important book which would deal in a decisive way with the maritime traditions and especially the traditional working boats of Ireland.
Concerning the researches it wold be useful to constitute a multi-regional team for the oral enquiry and archives work, all along the Irish shore. The collecting of iconographical material, of plans, models, engravings, paintings and old photographs should be made in a systematical way. A photographic mission for contemporary subjects should also be set up.
Concerning the publishing the Chasse-Maree, with the help of all the interested Irish partners (and among them people like John de Courcy Ireland, Dick Scott, Hal Sisk, Michael McCaughan, Paddy Barry and many others) intends to publish a richly illlustrated (black and white and colour) book, of over three hundred pages, taking stock of the researches on Irish maritime tradition.
Two editions could be realized: one in English language (with some elements in Irish), which could be distributed in all English-speaking countries. Another one in French. This work would be part of a colllection about maritime traditions of the Celtic countries.

I propose the following very simplified plan for the book, which could be developed to serve as a working schedule, each chapter being taken in charge by one specialist or team.

Part One : The skinboat tradition : Ancient skinboats of Ireland; the Boyne coracle; the various currach types of North-West Ireland (from Sheephaven to Dingle); curragh inspired wooden craft.

Part Two : The Nordic clinker tradition : Double-ended clinker-built boats; Ulster yawls, Ulster and Donegal ‘Drontheims’; Dublin Bay wherries, Cork yawls etc; square-sterned , clinker-built craft; inshore and inland water.

Part Three : The western carvel tradition : Achill Island yawl, Connemara pucans, gleoiteogs and hookers; square-sterned carvel- built craft of the south west as the Hare Island lobster yawl; the Kinsale hookers; Scottish, Manx and Cornish influenced boats, Zulus, Nickies, Nobbys and luggers.

Part Four ; The flat boat tradition ; The dug-outs; the reed boats; various inland and coastal cots; the Wexford cots.

Part Five (eventually) The coasters ; smacks, Schooners, brigantines, brigs.

Part six (eventually) : Yachting : From the seventeenth century Kinsale and Cork yachts to the last gaff-rigged Irish boats (but this could be another book or a second volume)